Cannabis Use Does Shrink parts of the Brain…in Some People

“The brain is obviously affected by cannabis, detrimentally for some. The hippocampus in particular may be especially sensitive to the impact of heavy cannabis use, given its high concentration of cannabinoid receptors type1. But does regular use change the size of the hippocampus? Apparently in those with a genetic predisposition.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Cannabis use and dopaminergic gene polymorphism had both distinct and interactive effects on the hippocampus.

Emergingalterations of hippocampal total and specific subregional volumes were found in cannabis users relative to controls (i.e., CA1, CA2/3, and CA4), and associations between cannabis use levels and total and specific subregional volumes.

Furthermore, total hippocampal volume and the fissure subregion were affected by cannabis×DAT1 polymorphism (i.e., 9/9R and in 10/10R alleles), reflecting high and low levels of dopamine availability.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797324/

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Expert Tourette Syndrome Extols Cannabis

“What makes this even more interesting is that the whole plant (entourage) was more successful at treating the tics than pure THC. In addition, patients also had beneficial effects of comorbidities (OCD, ADHD, depression) that tend to accompany Tourette’s, while standard treatment with antipsychotics had no benefit. It appears that Tourette’s may well be a result, in part, of a dysfunctional ECS.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Meet the Experts is a series of interviews conducted by experts from the field of Cannabis to world leaders in research and clinical practice of Cannabis as medicine.

Dr. Kirsten R. Müller-Vahl is a Professor of Psychiatry at the Department of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany. She is a specialist in both neurology and adult psychiatry. 

Read full article here:

https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/meet-experts-interview-kirsten-muller-vahl

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Does Cannabis Use Affect Genes or Vice Versa?

“The exciting world of epigenetic reaches into cannabis use and notes external changes to genes involved in dopamine and ECS pathways. Interesting aside as to the effects of education and sex on cannabis use.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Genetic and sociodemographic risk factors potentially associated with cannabis use (CU) were investigated in 40 cannabis users and 96 control subjects. DNA methylation analyses were also performed to explore the possibility of epigenetic changes related to CU.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29353877

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

THC For Fibromyalgia

“An exciting new study shows that THC, not CBD, is what raises the painters hold for those with FM. From only being able to tolerate 1 kg pressure on a hand muscle,  A SINGLE inhalation of THC allows patients to withstand normal 10kg of pressure without pain.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

This experimental trial shows the complex behavior of inhaled cannabinoids in chronic pain patients with just small analgesic responses after a single inhalation.

Further studies are needed to determine long-term treatment effects on spontaneous pain scores, THC-CBD interactions and the role of psychotropic symptoms on pain relief.

Read full article here:

https://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/publishahead/An_experimental_randomized_study_on_the_analgesic.98794.aspx

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

And Now.......Asia

“As the global recognition of the benefits of medical cannabis continues to expand, the thin of the wedge into Asia may well be South Korea. They may be importing cannabis in 2019 already.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Patients with epilepsy and other rare diseases will be able to get medical marijuana in South Korea as soon as early 2019, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety said Thursday.

As the National Assembly passed a bill to amend the Act on the Management of Narcotic Drugs on Nov. 23, the sale, import, and export of cannabis for medical purposes will soon become legal.

Read full article here:

http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20181129000668

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Ocular Cannabinoid Receptor (CB2) and Iris Inflammation

“Uveitis can lead to blindness. The inflammation associated with this not-uncommon condition may well be determined through CB2R agonism.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea which consists of the iris, ciliary body and the choroid of the eye. Uveitis can lead to impaired vision and is responsible for 10% of all cases of blindness globally.

Usinganendotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) rodent model, a previous data implicated the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) in the amelioration of many of the components of the inflammatory response.

Thisinvestigationteststhehypothesisthat the reduction in inflammatory mediators in the EIU model by the CB2 agonist, HU308, is associated with changes in ECS endogenous ligands as well as related lipids, prostaglandins (PGs), 2-acylglycerols, and lipoamines. Analysis of leukocytes and neutrophils, CB2 mRNA, and 26 lipids in the eye of WT mice after EIU induction and HU308 treatment were compared to the same analyses in the CB2knock-out (CB2 KO) mouse.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30232034

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Sensible Cannabis Laws for New Zealand

“After years of campaigning by chronically ill New Zealanders who say the drug is the only thing that eases their pain, their government passed a law to make cannabis available to them.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

New Zealand’s government has passed a law that will make medical marijuana widely available for thousands of patients over time, after years of campaigning by chronically ill New Zealanders who say the drug is the only thing that eases their pain.

The legislation will also allow terminally ill patients to begin smoking illegal pot immediately without facing the possibility of prosecution.

Read full article here:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/11/new-zealand-passes-laws-to-make-medical-marijuana-widely-available

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Two Endocannabinoids Enhance Memory

“Both anandamide (AEA) and 2AG play roles in enhancing memory consolidation in the hippocampus. AEA via both CB1 and CB2R while 2AG activates CB2R signaling only.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The endocannabinoid system is a key modulator of memory consolidation for aversive experiences.
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597, which increases anandamide levels by inhibiting its hydrolysis, facilitates memory consolidation through a concurrent activation of both cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2).

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29842858

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

MS Patients in USA Not Permitted Treatment

“Those with MS in Canada and several other countries are able to use Sativex to treat painful and difficults plasticity. But because Sativex contains real cannabis, MS patients in the US aren't allowed to be treated. This, even though their own National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report on the conclusive and substantial evidence of cannabis benefits specifically for spasticity in MS.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Theaimwas to examine evolution in activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with multiple sclerosis spasticity during long-term use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): cannabidiol (CBD) oromucosal spray.

In this pilot study, THC: CBD oromucosal spray maintained or improved aspects of daily functioning. Further study in a larger trial is warranted.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29851356

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Renal (kidney) Cancer cells Die When Cannabinoid Receptor Activated

“Add kidney cancer (RCC) to the growing list of individual cancers where the ECS is actively expressed in an attempt to decrease cancer growth. In RCC, specifically CB2R and not CB1R activation cause the cancer cell to die.”

-    Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The anti-tumor properties of cannabinoids have been investigated in many in vitro and in vivo studies. Many of these anti-tumor effects are mediated via cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), comprising the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

In thisstudy, the ECS isinvestigatedbasedon CB1 and CB2 receptor gene and protein expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. In view of their further use for potential treatments, then the roles of CB1 and CB2 receptorswereinvestigatedin the anti-proliferative action and signal transduction triggered by synthetic cannabinoid agonists [such as JWH-133 and WIN 55,212–2 (WIN-55)] in RCC cell lines.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5966919/

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabinoids and Bladder Matters

“Once again CB2 receptor step up to the plate and appear to be able to mitigate com for table bladder inflammation and urinary frequency. This study leaked out of the University of Wisconsin.”

-   Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

UTI, short for Urinary Tract Infection is an infection in any part of your urinary system. While most infections involve the lower urinary tract, the bladder, and the urethra, a urinary tract infection can appear in a number of places including your kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder.

Few studies have been conducted on the connection between cannabis and UTIs, but those that have conducted studies have released surprising findings suggesting that Cannabis may treat pain caused by Urinary Tract Infection. In a recent study, published in the American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Urology it was found that CB1R activation, which occurs through the consumption of cannabis can help fight pain arising from cystitis.

Read the full article here:

https://www.marijuanabreak.com/marijuana-uti-remedy

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Early Life Stress and the ECS

“Levels of eCBs (AEA and 2AG) and the entire ECS, in fact, change in the hippocampus (memory) amygdala (fear) and PFC (executive) after early life stress. These continue in some of these regions into adulthood. Collectively, these data demonstrate that early life stress can alter the normative development (ontogeny) of the eCB system, resulting in a sustained deficit in function, particularly within the hippocampus, in adulthood.”

- Dr. David Hepburn 

Abstract:

Early-life stress modulates the development of cortico-limbic circuits and increases vulnerability to adult psychopathology. Given the important stress-buffering role of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, this is a comprehensive investigation of the developmental trajectory of the eCB system and the impact of exposure to early life stress induced by repeated maternal separation (MS; 3 h/day) from postnatal day 2 (PND2) to PND12.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30496752

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Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Endometrial Cancer Metastasis Responds to THC

“Add Uterine Cancer to the growing list of cancers that cannabinoids appear to affect. THC both inhibits cell migration (metastasis) of cancer cells and regulates tumor growth via both the CB1R and CB2R.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Limited therapeutic interventions are clinically available for treating aggressive endometrial cancer (EC). Therefore, effective therapies are urgently required. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is reported to impact proliferative and migratory activities during impairment of cancer progression. In the present study, cell migration in response to THC was measured using transwell assays.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5950514/

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Does Cannabis Significantly increase the risk of Traffic Accidents. No.

“The increased crash risk associated with THC-positive drivers in a large number of (meta-analysis) culpability studies show. Risk of being involved in or cause of traffic accident while using alcohol and many prescription drugs are not low.”

-       Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Culpability studies, a common study design in the cannabis crash risk literature, typically report odds-ratios (OR) indicating the raised risks of a culpable accident. This parameter is of unclear policy relevance, and is frequently misinterpreted as an estimate of the increased crash risk, a practice that introduces a substantial "interpretational bias".

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30468948

VIsitDr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

The New Weed on the Block

“This cannabinomimetic of medical interest in that it might harness the same cannabis receptors without causing some of the unwanted side effects of THC. If it works well, the US government might have to make it illegal.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The recent discovery of another source of a cannabinoid comes from a plant that is a relative of the mosses called liverwort. One genus of the plant, Radula, boasts a handful of species that produce a chemical that is a lot like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from Cannabis sativa, or marijuana.

Why a liverwort, which lives and reproduces quite differently from a plant like Cannabis, would make this molecule remains a mystery. What we now know, however, is the cannabinoid from liverwort and the one in Cannabis are almost exactly the same and have quite similar effects in the mammalian brain.

Read the full article here:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lowly-moss-like-plant-seems-to-copy-cannabis/

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Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Leafly List of Most Important Studies of 2018

“There is sex and drugs involved as well as treating cannabis problems with....cannabis.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The most exciting new frontier in cannabis research this year wasn’t any individual study or published report.

It was a pair of developments (one in Canada, the other in the United States) that together promise to spur the research studies of the future on a scale never seen before, with a scope of inquiry that includes exploring potential benefits, rather than myopically focusing on potential harms.

Read full article here:

https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/the-most-important-cannabis-studies-of-2018?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=B2C%20Newsletter%20-%20Nat%27l%20-%2001/02/18&utm_content=Final&utm_term=%5BTWS%5D%20%26%20%5BMaster%20%2B%20Not%20Dormant%5D

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Less Morphine Required When Cannabinoid Receptor Activated

“Many pain patients, with time, require increases of dose and/or frequency of the potentially deadly opiate morphine in order to obtain pain control. However, by activation of the CB2 receptor, tolerance and dependance of morphine was diminished.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Morphine is widely used as an analgesic to treat moderate to severe pain, but chronic morphine use is associated with development of tolerance and dependence, which limits its analgesic efficacy.

A previous research has showed that non analgetic dose of a cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist reduced morphine tolerance in cancer pain. A previous study also showed the colocalization of CB2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in human and rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28901432

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Another GPR Affected by CBD

“Add GPR12 to the growing list of orphaned receptors (no known natural ligands) with which cannabis interacts. GPR12 may be involved in metastatic (spreading) cancer. Interest continues to grow in the role of the many types of GP Receptors in disease process ranging from Parkinson’s Disease to Inflammatory bowel disease to cancers.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

GPR12 is a constitutively active, Gs protein-coupled receptor that currently has no confirmed endogenous ligands. 

GPR12 may be involved in physiological processes such as maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest and brain development, as well as pathological conditions such as metastatic cancer.

In this document, the potential effects of various classes of cannabinoids on GPR12 were tested using a cAMP accumulation assay. 

Data demonstrate that cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, acted as an inverse agonist to inhibit cAMP accumulation stimulated by the constitutively active GPR12.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28888984

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis Reduces Need for Chronic Pain Medication

“Legal access to cannabis may reduce the use of multiple classes of dangerous prescription medications in certain patient populations, specifically those with chronic pain (more than three months). 34% of patients registered in a chronic pain treatment program ceased the use of all scheduled prescription medications if they used cannabis.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Co-prescribing of scheduled drugs is endemic in the United States, increasing health risks to patients and the burden on healthcare systems.

Legal access to cannabis may reduce the use of multiple classes of dangerous prescription medications in certain patient populations.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28899660

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis Use in Adolescents Lowest in 15 Years

“While a growing number of youth believe that cannabis is safe, it's used in adolescence makes many (myself included) very twitchy. So it comes as a pleasant surprise that cannabis use in those age 12-17 in the US, despite its increased availability, is 6.5%, the lowest in 15 years.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

This national report summarizes key findings from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for indicators of substance use and mental health among people aged 12 years old or older in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Results are provided for the overall category of individuals aged 12 or older as well as by age subgroups.

The NSDUH questionnaire underwent a partial redesign in 2015 to improve the quality of the NSDUH data and to address the changing needs of policymakers and researchers. For measures that started a new baseline in 2015, estimates are discussed only for 2016.

Read the full article here:

https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm#summary

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

PTSD with a blunted response to AEA ASSOCIATED WITH exercise

“The findings from this study indicated that adults with and without PTSD reported significant mood improvements following 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, the endocannabinoid system was activated after exercise in adults with and without PTSD, although effect sizes suggest that adults with PTSD may have a blunted endocannabinoid response to exercise.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Previous reports have shown improvements in mood and increases in endocannabinoids in healthy adults following a session of aerobic exercise, but it is unclear whether adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience similar responses. 

Thepurpose of thestudywas to examine psychobiological responses (plasma endocannabinoids [eCBs], mood, and pain) to aerobic exercise in a sample of adults with a diagnosis of PTSD (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 12). 

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29388710

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD May Inhibit the Pain Reducing Effects of THC

“Which is why it is important to know how cannabis acts as medicine. Don’t try to treat yourself with ditch weed, see a knowledgeable doctor. CBD acts as a NAM (negative allosteric modulator) to THC. This is sometimes beneficial (decreasespsycho active effects and allows THC to work longer) and sometimes possibly detrimental, as in this study.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Humans typically self-administer cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) together repeatedly (as in cannabis, cannabis extract, or Sativex®) to relieve pain. It has been suggested that one benefit of the drug combination may be decreased tolerance development.

The decrease in THC's antinociceptive effects after repeated CBD exposure may be due to CBD-induced inhibition of THC metabolism, and/or antagonism of THC effects that emerge with repeated CBD treatment.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30238130

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis Use Reduces Premature Death

“This headline is a feather in any product/drug’s cap. Cannabis use is associated with decreased rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, mortality from traumatic brain injury, use of alcohol and prescription drugs, driving fatalities, and opioid overdose deaths. These data suggest that Cannabis use may decrease premature deaths.”

- Dr. David Hepburn 

Abstract:

Adverse effects of moderate Cannabis use on physical health are subtle and rarely fatal, while Cannabis use is associated with decreased rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, mortality from traumatic brain injury, use of alcohol and prescription drugs, driving fatalities, and opioid overdose deaths.

These data suggest that Cannabis use may decrease premature deaths. To date, no studies have attempted to estimate the impacts of Cannabis use on premature death that include both adverse and beneficial effects on physical health. Marijuana use is estimated to reduce premature deaths from diabetes mellitus, cancer, and traumatic brain injury by 989 to 2,511 deaths for each 1% of the population using Cannabis. 

Read the full article here:

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/21632

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Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Medical Cannabis Laws Decreases violent crime by 20% in California

“Researchers found no influence of the legalisation of cannabis for medicinal purposes in the USA nonviolent property crime at the national level.”

-    Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Most U.S. states have passed medical marijuana laws.

This document presents a study of the effects of these laws on violent and property crime.

It´s interesting to find that in California the medical marijuana law reduced both violent and property crime by 20%.

Read full article here:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016726811830180X?via%3Dihub

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Brain Abnormalities in Adults and Early Use of Cannabis

“As though we need any more reasons to be concerned about the heavy use of cannabis in adolescence, thinning of the brain comes along. Negative effects of chronic adolescent CB use on the hippocampal structure are maintained well into late life. Because hippocampal-cortical loss underlies and exacerbates-related cognitive decline, the findings have profound implications for aging adults with a history of early life usage. A critical brain region the hippocampus (HC), where there is a striking intersection between high concentrations of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors and age-related pathology. They Also Underscores The Persistent Nature of adolescent-induced brain changes due to CB use, and the rising need to understand how these changes interact with brain aging.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Legalization of cannabis (CB) for both medicinal and, in some states, recreational use, has given rise to increasing usage rates across the country.

Of particular concern are indications that frequent CB use may be selectively harmful to the developing adolescent brain compared with adult-onset usage. However, the long-term effects of heavy, adolescent CB use on brain structure and cognitive performance in late-life remain unknown.

A critical brain region is a hippocampus (HC), where there is a striking intersection between high concentrations of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors and age-related pathology.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290479/

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Brianne, Alzheimers, Probiotics, and CBD

“In a remarkable paper, neurologist Ethan Russo connects receptors, epidemiology, the microbiome, neuroinflammation, and cannabis to explain possible therapeutic targets in treatments of troubling neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’ Diseases. I challenge you to follow the bouncing ball. This one paper could keep the entireIvy League busy for a decade.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Neurological therapeutics have been hampered by its inability to advance beyond symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative disorders into the realm of actual palliation, arrest or reversal of the attendant pathological processes.

While cannabis-based medicines have demonstrated safety, efficacy and consistency sufficient for regulatory approval in spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS), and in Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes (LGS), many therapeutic challenges remain. 

The review examines the intriguing promise that recent discoveries regarding cannabis-based medicines offer to neurological therapeutics by incorporating the neutral phytocannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), their acidic precursors, tetrahydro cannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabis terpenoids in the putative treatment of five syndromes, currently labeled recalcitrant to therapeutic success, and wherein improved pharmacological intervention is required: intractable epilepsy, brain tumors, Parkinson disease (PD), Alzheimer disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI)/chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200872/

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis Research in Tourette Syndrome

“An Israeli study showed that of the patients without syndrome who tolerated cannabis treatment, many experienced a reduction in tic severity, better sleep and improved mood.”

-     Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) experience reduced function and impaired quality of life. The current medical treatments for this syndrome can cause significant side effects and offer partial symptomatic relief.

In a few small trials medical cannabis (MC) has been suggested to offer symptomatic relief with a relatively benign side effect profile. We conducted a real-life assessment of clinical benefit and adverse effects of chronic MC treatment among patients with GTS.

Forty-Two GTS patients (33 males, mean age 34.5) were interviewed for this study. The total global impression score of efficacy was 3.85 out of a total of 5 possible points. Patients reported during the free discussion part of the interview about a reduction in tic severity, better sleep and improved mood as positive effects of MC.

Thirty-eight patients reported any kind of benefit from treatment while 10 patients with more than one year of consumption elected to stop treatment with MC for various reasons including severe side effects as psychosis in one patient.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292733

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Why Women Don’t Forget

“Men appear to have 41% more CB1 receptors in the brain. Unfortunately for men of the male species, this is inversely related to working memory. (No memory of working). The sex difference in the ECS is becoming more interesting in explaining reactions and abilities in both.”

-    Dr. David Hepburn 

Abstract:

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a widespread neuron modulatory function in the central nervous system and is involved in important aspects of brain function including brain development, cortical rhythms, plasticity, reward, and stress sensitivity. 

Many of these effects are mediated via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) subtype. 

Animal studies convincingly have shown the interaction between the ECS and sex hormones, as well as a sex difference of higher brain CB1R in males. Human in vivo studies of sex difference has yielded discrete pant findings.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30296558

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Drug-Resistant Infections (MRSA) and The Endocannabinoid System (ECS)

“It’s a problem that likely means very little to the average person until it happens to them and then it means a lot. Being infected by a superbug is super difficult and is a widespread and growing concern. But the ECS may serve as a natural line of defense against MRSA orotherantibiotic-resistant bacteria. Due to their anti-biofilm action agents that affect/potentiate the ECS could be a promising alternative to antibiotic therapeutics against biofilm-associated MRSA infections.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have reached epidemic proportions globally.

Staphylococcalbiofilms are associated with increased antimicrobial resistance and are generally less affected by host immune factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel agents that not only aim at multidrug-resistant pathogens, but also ones that will act as anti biofilms.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6283871/

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Michael J Fox Fdn Survey Shows Cannabis Benefit for Parkinson's Disease

“Cannabis had positive impact son mood, memory, fatigue, and obesity status in peoplewith PD and MS. Current users reported high efficacy of cannabis, 6.4 (SD 1.8) on a scalefrom 0 to 7 and 59% reported reducing prescription medication since beginning cannabis use.”

- Dr. David Hepburn 

Abstract:

An anonymous web-based survey was hosted on the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society web pages from 15 February to 15 October 2016. The survey collected demographic and cannabis use information, and used standardized questionnaires to assess neurological function, fatigue, balance, and physical activity participation. Analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used for the analysis.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735833

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Regular Cannabis Users Have More Pain After Surgery

“...And poorer quality sleep apparently. Insomnia, of course, might not be uncommon in many regular users who suddenly discontinue use of cannabis for any reasons including being hospitalized. Perhaps this might be an indication for more research on how ADDING cannabis to a post opscenario might is beneficial.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The recreational and medical use of cannabinoids has been increasing. While most studies and reviews have focused on the role of cannabinoids in the management of acute pain, no study has examined the postoperative outcomes of surgical candidates who are on cannabinoids proper relatively. This retrospective cohort study examined the impact of preoperative cannabinoid use on postoperative pain scores and pain-related outcomes in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30531214

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

THCA May Protect Nerve Cells

“Another cannabinoid jumps into the fray and heads straight to thenucleus of the thenrve cell, working right at the DNA level. Could hold potential in dealing with the complicated neuro inflammatory related to neurodegeneration in so manytoughchronicconditions. (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, MS, Huntingtonsetc).”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Phytocannabinoids are produced in Cannabis sativa L. in acidic form and are decarboxylated upon heating, processing and storage. While the biological effects of decarboxylated cannabinoids such as Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol have been extensively investigated, the bioactivity of Δ9 -tetahydrocannabinol acid (Δ9 -THCA) is largely unknown.

Δ9 -THCA shows potent neuroprotective activity, which is worth considering for the treatment of Huntington's disease and possibly other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28853159

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabinoid 2 Receptors and Rheumatoid Arthritis

“A major raisond’etre for CB2 receptors (CB2R) are as immunomodulators (whereas CB1R has more of neuromodulatory reputation). Part of its life as an immune modulator regulating inflammation, an important and unfortunate component of many disease processes. CB2 activation decreases expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn decreases bone destruction in joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis. In short, more and more evidence points to working with CB2 receptors as a means to decrease the destructive effects of inflammation.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has been implicated as an important clinical regulator of inflammation and malignant osteolysis.

Here, its observed that CB2 expression was markedly higher in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice synovium and bone tissues than in the non-inflamed synovium and bone tissues. The CB2 selective agonist (JWH133) but not an antagonist (SR144528) suppressed CIA in mice without toxic effects, as demonstrated by the decreased synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory responses, cartilage damage, and periarticular and systemic bone destruction.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30508319

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Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

No Change in Hippocampus Volume With Youth Cannabis Users

“A number of studies have found evidence of structural brain changes in teens and young adults who smoke marijuana, however is research indicates that there are no changes into adulthood in the hippocampus (memory).”

-    Dr. David Hepburn 

Abstract:

Cannabis exposure, particularly heavy cannabis use, has been associated with neuroanatomical alterations in regions rich with cannabinoid receptors such as the hippocampus in some but not in other (mainly cross-sectional) studies. However, it remains unclear whether continued heavy cannabis use alters hippocampal volume, and whether an earlier age of onset and/or a higher dosage exacerbate these changes.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28741422

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

THC: Brain Benefits or Bust Depends on Age

“Findings presented at Neuroscience 2018 show that cannabis can either harness or hijack our endocannabinoid system. Takentoosoonit can hijack and interfere with the brain intended ECS development. But taken as we get older, cannabis can enhance our ECS and restore, repair, replace and regenerate some of the loss of brain function (including memory) that can accompany aging.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Summary:

Research released underscores both the dangers and the therapeutic promise of marijuana, revealing different effects across the lifespan.

Marijuana exposure in the womb or during adolescence may disrupt learning and memory, damage communication between brain regions, and disturb levels of key neurotransmitters and metabolites in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease, however, compounds found in marijuana, such as the psychoactive compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), may improve memory and mitigate some of the disease's symptoms.

Read the full article here:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181106150418.htm

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Stimulation of Cannabinoid Receptor Inhibits Gastric Acid Secretion

“CB1R agonism (which is what THC is) inhibits powerful gastric acid secretion (a culprit in acid reflux and ulcers) while enhancing protective mucin release.”

-    Dr. David Hepburn

Summary:

Thecurrentstudyaimed to evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of gastric acid secretion and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa. To fulfill this aim, gastric acid secretion stimulated with histamine (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous [SC]), 2-deoxy- d-glucose (D-G) (200 mg/kg, intravenous) or -carbachol (4 μg/kg, SC) in the 4-hour pylorus-ligated rats.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30381869

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Endocannabinoids Worsen Heart Function After Heart Attack

“The ECS reacts to try to balance our inner milieu when that milieu is disturbed. Sometimes, as our body tries to help itself, it can end up doing some damage. Endocannabinoids do not cause heart attacks, of course, but they are releases in response to this major stressor.”

-   Dr. David Hepburn.

Intravenous administration of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol into wildtype C57BL6 mice induced a rapid increase of blood neutrophil and monocyte counts as measured by flow cytometry.

This effect was blunted when using cannabinoid receptor 2 knockout mice. In response to myocardial infarction induced in wildtype mice, the lipidomic analysis revealed significantly elevated plasma and cardiac levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol 24 h after infarction, but no changes in anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30295758

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD Reduces Cocaine Consumption

“CBD takes the lead cannabis role here as cocaine consumption and anxiety are reduced with repeated CBD treatment. CBD increased expression of cannabinoid receptors, BDNF expression, and neural cell proliferation in the hippocampus, all good things in helping to restructure neural pathways. The evidence for a role of CBD in treating substance abuse continues to point towards potential use in treatment centers.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Repeated Cannabidiol treatment reduces cocaine intake and modulates neural proliferation and CB1R expression in the mouse hippocampus.

Recent studies on the therapeutic effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on drug abuse showed mixed results, especially with psychostimulant substances such as cocaine. To determine whether CBD can attenuate cocaine reinforcement, we assessed behavioural responses induced by cocaine in mice, using the behavioural sensitization, conditioned place preference and intravenous self-administration paradigms.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30273593

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Aging, Exercise and Cannabis

“The science of exercise has matured to a level of importance in the life cycle to reduce pain with aging and include new investigations on the ECS to explain its role in the well-being and improved quality of life in later years. A natural high as the number of  birthday candles get high.”

 - Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Investigators have reported increases in circulating levels of eCB after exercise, with some eCB exerting analgesic effects from exercise. The focus of this review is to discuss evidence for the role of eCB and the complexities of the ECS in exercise and pain.

Some aspects presented are the production of ECB and activation of the cannabinoid receptors in the brain following exercise; eCB, pain, and physical activity; oxylipins; and joint pain.

As we age, an exercise in the form of play has evolved with the exploration of our body from walking to running, recreational, and competitive sports, to midlife physical activity focusing on maintaining fitness and healthy body weight.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30290200

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis helps Spasticity in Lou Gehrig’s (ALS) disease

“Add ALS spasticity to MS spasticity as targets for cannabis therapy. A recent Italian study showed those on low dose cannabis spraynotonly improved, but nobody discontinued due to side effects.”

-   Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Spasticity is a major determinant of disability and decline in quality of life in patients with motor neuron disease. Cannabinoids have been approved for symptomatic treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. It was investigated whether cannabinoids might also reduce spasticity in patients with motor neuron disease.

Researchers found in this proof-of-concept trial, nabiximols had a positive effect on spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease and had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. These findings should be investigated further in larger clinical trials.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554828

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Inflammatory Bowel Responds to THCA

“With increased interest in the benefits of THCA which, unlike THC, is NON PSYCHOACTIVE, comes this study involving GPR55 receptors in the colon. The evidence of the role of cannabinoids in Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis continues to point towards a therapeutic potential of cannabis for these difficult conditions.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

The anti-inflammatory activity of C. Sativa extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial cells and on colon tissue. C. sativa flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

Read the full article here:

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/can.2017.0027

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis and IQ in Youth

“While I remain adamant that cannabis use in youth is fraught with potential problems (depending on risk : benefit), the thin twin-twin study adds support to the side of the ledger that argues that cannabis and IQ are less causal and more of an effectual relationship.”

-    Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Compared with adolescents who did not use cannabis, adolescents who used cannabis had lower IQ in childhood prior to cannabis initiation and lower IQ at age 18, but there was little evidence that cannabis use was associated with IQ decline from ages 12-18. For example, adolescents with cannabis dependence had age 12 and age 18 IQ scores that were 5.61 (t = -3.11, P = 0.002) and 7.34 IQ points (t = -5.27, P < 0.001) lower than adolescents without cannabis dependence, but adolescents with cannabis dependence did not show greater IQ decline from age 12-18 (t = -1.27, P = 0.20). Moreover, adolescents who used cannabis had poorer executive functions at age 18 than adolescents who did not use cannabis, but these associations were generally not apparent within twin pairs.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28734078

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD: Cheese Bacon Donuts

“With an increasing number of patients being prescribed CBD, it is often asked whether to take it on an empty stomach or with meals. PKPD studies show that taking it with a high fat meal increases the amount absorbed into the blood by over four times.”

-          Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Background

A formal single ascending and multiple dose pharmacokinetic (PK) trial of cannabidiol (CBD) oral solution was required to determine the safety and tolerability of CBD, the maximum tolerated dose, and to examine the effect of food on CBD PK parameters.

Objective

This trial assessed the safety, tolerability and PK of CBD oral solution in healthy adult volunteers, as well as the effect of food on CBD PK parameters.

Methods

The study consisted of three arms: single ascending dose (1500, 3000, 4500 or 6000 mg CBD [n = 6 per group]/placebo [n = 8; 2 per CBD dose group]), multiple dose (750 or 1500 mg CBD [n = 9 per group]/placebo [n = 6; 3 per CBD dose group] twice daily), and food effect (1500 mg CBD single dose [n = 12]). All subjects completed all trial arms and were analyzed as planned.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6223703/

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com