MS Patients in USA Not Permitted Treatment

“Those with MS in Canada and several other countries are able to use Sativex to treat painful and difficults plasticity. But because Sativex contains real cannabis, MS patients in the US aren't allowed to be treated. This, even though their own National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report on the conclusive and substantial evidence of cannabis benefits specifically for spasticity in MS.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Theaimwas to examine evolution in activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with multiple sclerosis spasticity during long-term use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): cannabidiol (CBD) oromucosal spray.

In this pilot study, THC: CBD oromucosal spray maintained or improved aspects of daily functioning. Further study in a larger trial is warranted.

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29851356

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Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Brianne, Alzheimers, Probiotics, and CBD

“In a remarkable paper, neurologist Ethan Russo connects receptors, epidemiology, the microbiome, neuroinflammation, and cannabis to explain possible therapeutic targets in treatments of troubling neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’ Diseases. I challenge you to follow the bouncing ball. This one paper could keep the entireIvy League busy for a decade.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Abstract:

Neurological therapeutics have been hampered by its inability to advance beyond symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative disorders into the realm of actual palliation, arrest or reversal of the attendant pathological processes.

While cannabis-based medicines have demonstrated safety, efficacy and consistency sufficient for regulatory approval in spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS), and in Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes (LGS), many therapeutic challenges remain. 

The review examines the intriguing promise that recent discoveries regarding cannabis-based medicines offer to neurological therapeutics by incorporating the neutral phytocannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), their acidic precursors, tetrahydro cannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabis terpenoids in the putative treatment of five syndromes, currently labeled recalcitrant to therapeutic success, and wherein improved pharmacological intervention is required: intractable epilepsy, brain tumors, Parkinson disease (PD), Alzheimer disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI)/chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

Read the full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200872/

Dr. Dave Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD Reduces Cocaine Consumption

“CBD takes the lead cannabis role here as cocaine consumption and anxiety are reduced with repeated CBD treatment. CBD increased expression of cannabinoid receptors, BDNF expression, and neural cell proliferation in the hippocampus, all good things in helping to restructure neural pathways. The evidence for a role of CBD in treating substance abuse continues to point towards potential use in treatment centers.”

- Dr. David Hepburn

Repeated Cannabidiol treatment reduces cocaine intake and modulates neural proliferation and CB1R expression in the mouse hippocampus.

Recent studies on the therapeutic effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on drug abuse showed mixed results, especially with psychostimulant substances such as cocaine. To determine whether CBD can attenuate cocaine reinforcement, we assessed behavioural responses induced by cocaine in mice, using the behavioural sensitization, conditioned place preference and intravenous self-administration paradigms.

Read full article here:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30273593

Dr. David Hepburn website: https://doctordavidhepburn.com

Sexually Activity in Rats Increased by Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Activation

Article recommend by Dr. Dave Hepburn:

"Men and rats have been closely compared (primarily by women); hence this study is pertinent. The activation of CB1 receptors (the same receptors acted on by plant THC) by the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, transforms boring non copulating rats into sexually active animals." 

Dr. Dave Hepburn

Sexual interaction is essential for the transformation of non-copulating rats into sexually active animals by the endocannabinoid anandamide.

Abstract

The endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) transforms half of the population of previously non-copulating (NC) rats into sexually active animals in a long-lasting manner. The aim of this work was to explore the nature of this transformation.

We identified the dose range in which AEA induces mating behavior in previously NC rats, which evidenced a dose-based, biphasic profile for AEA to induce the transformation of NC rats. We demonstrate that the sexual interaction with a receptive female, involving at least an intromission, is essential for AEA to induce the transformation of NC rats.

This AEA-induced conversion is centrally mediated and involves the activation of CB1 receptors. Results indicate that the sexual impairment of this population of NC rats relies on their incapacity to initiate sexual activity and that an unidentified brain inhibitory influence on sexual behavior expression is removed by AEA treatment, allowing previously NC rats to show copulatory behavior in a long-lasting manner.

To read the full article please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30439451

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

Move Over Epidiolex...Already! - Dr. Dave Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. Dave Hepburn:

A prospective open-label trial of a CBD/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: 

Both Tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) components of cannabis, have been shown to have anticonvulsant effects. Cannabis oils are used to treat seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Recent trials provide data on dosing, side effects, and efficacy of CBD, yet there is a paucity of information on THC in epilepsy. Primary objective was to establish dosing and tolerability of TIL-TC150 - a cannabis plant extract produced by Tilray®, containing 100 mg/mL CBD and 2 mg/mL THC- in children with Dravet syndrome. Secondary objectives were to assess impact of therapy on seizures, electroencephalogram (EEG) and quality of life. 

METHODS: 

Twenty children received add-on therapy with TIL-TC150. The dose ranged from 2 to 16 mg/kg/day of CBD and 0.04 to 0.32 mg/kg/day of THC. Patients were monitored for tolerability and adverse events, and secondary objectives. 

RESULTS: 

Nineteen participants completed the 20-week intervention. Mean dose achieved was 13.3 mg/kg/day of CBD (range 7-16 mg/kg/day) and 0.27 mg/kg/day of THC (range 0.14-0.32 mg/kg/day). Adverse events, common during titration included somnolence, anorexia, and diarrhea. Abnormalities of liver transaminases and platelets were observed with concomitant valproic acid therapy. There was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life, reduction in EEG spike activity, and median motor seizure reduction of 70.6%, with 50% responder rate of 63%. 

CONCLUSIONS: 

TIL-TC150 was safe and well tolerated in our subjects. TIL-TC150 treatment resulted in a reduction in seizure counts, spike index on EEG, and improved quality of life measures. This study provides safety and dosing information for THC-containing cannabinoid preparations.

“A new and improved treatment that includes a touch of THC (which children handle much better than adults). The uptight FDA/DEA/US government would rather not allow any THC due to adherence to tired, old, uneducated biases. It’s a shame for American children that their government remains so willfully ignorant.”

Dr. Dave Hepburn

To read the full article please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30250864

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

Impressive New Ways that CBD Works - Dr. Dave Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. David Hepburn:

Cannabidiol enhances morphine antinociception, diminishes NMDA-mediated seizures and reduces stroke damage via the sigma 1 receptor.

Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotomimetic compound present in the Cannabis sativa plant, exhibits therapeutic potential for various human diseases, including chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, ischemic stroke, epilepsy and other convulsive syndromes, neuropsychiatric disorders, neuropathic allodynia and certain types of cancer. CBD does not bind directly to endocannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, and despite research efforts, its specific targets remain to be fully identified. Notably, sigma 1 receptor (σ1R) antagonists inhibit glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor (NMDAR) activity and display positive effects on most of the aforesaid diseases. Thus, we investigated the effects of CBD on three animal models in which NMDAR overactivity plays a critical role: opioid analgesia attenuation, NMDA-induced convulsive syndrome and ischemic stroke. In an in vitro assay, CBD disrupted the regulatory association of σ1R with the NR1 subunit of NMDAR, an effect shared by σ1R antagonists, such as BD1063 and progesterone, and prevented by σ1R agonists, such as 4-IBP, PPCC and PRE084. The in vivo administration of CBD or BD1063 enhanced morphine-evoked supraspinal antinociception, alleviated NMDA-induced convulsive syndrome, and reduced the infarct size caused by permanent unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. These positive effects of CBD were reduced by the σ1R agonists PRE084 and PPCC, and absent in σ1R-/- mice. Thus, CBD displays antagonist-like activity toward σ1R to reduce the negative effects of NMDAR overactivity in the abovementioned experimental situations.

"As the mystery of how CBD actually works is unveiled, many receptors OTHER than cannabinoid receptors are involved. This mechanism/receptors help explain why CBD works for seizures and make morphine more effective (thus requiring a smaller dose)"

Dr. Dave Hepburn

To read the full article please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30223868

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

Yet Another Cannabinoid Shows Remarkable Promise - Dr. David Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. David Hepburn:

Effect of cannabidiolic acid and -tetrahydrocannabinol on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in a rodent model of inflammatory pain.

Abstract

RATIONALE:

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, or the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiol (THC), shows anti-hyperalgesia and anti-inflammatory properties.

OBJECTIVES:

The present study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesia effects of CBD's potent acidic precursor, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), in a rodent model of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the rat hind paw, when administered systemically (intraperitoneal, i.p.) or orally before and/or after carrageenan. In addition, we assess the effects of oral administration of THC or CBDA, their mechanism of action, and the efficacy of combined ineffective doses of THC and CBDA in this model. Finally, we compare the efficacy of CBD and CBDA.

RESULTS:

CBDA given i.p. 60 min prior to carrageenan (but not 60 min after carrageenan) produced dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesia and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, THC or CBDA given by oral gavage 60 min prior to carrageenan produced anti-hyperalgesia effects, and THC reduced inflammation. The anti-hyperalgesia effects of THC were blocked by SR141716 (a cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist), while CBDA's effects were blocked by AMG9810 (a transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 antagonist). In comparison to CBDA, an equivalent low dose of CBD did not reduce hyperalgesia, suggesting that CBDA is more potent than CBD for this indication. Interestingly, when ineffective doses of CBDA or THC alone were combined, this combination produced an anti-hyperalgesia effect and reduced inflammation.

CONCLUSION:

CBDA or THC alone, as well as very low doses of combined CBDA and THC, has anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesia effects in this animal model of acute inflammation.

“CBDA is the precursor of CBD and is the raw form of cannabis. Already considered 100x more powerful than CBD as an anti-nauseant (anti emetic) and may have a role in the reduction of breast cancer metastasis PLUS anxiety. Stay tuned to see how interesting a molecule this non psychoactive little gem might be.”

Dr. David Hepburn

To read the full article please visit: 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30225659

Dr. David Hepburn website: 

doctordavidhepburn.com

US Study Shows Which Cannabis (and how) is Best for Insomnia - Dr. David Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. David Hepburn:

Effectiveness of Raw, Natural Medical Cannabis Flower for Treating Insomnia under Naturalistic Conditions.

Abstract 

We use a mobile software application (app) to measure for the first time, which fundamental characteristics of raw, natural medical Cannabis flower are associated with changes in perceived insomnia under naturalistic conditions. 

Methods:

Four hundred and nine people with a specified condition of insomnia completed 1056 medical cannabis administration sessions using the Releaf AppTM educational software during which they recorded real-time ratings of self-perceived insomnia severity levels prior to and following consumption, experienced side effects, and product characteristics, including combustion method, cannabis subtypes, and/or major cannabinoid contents of cannabis consumed. Within-user effects of different flower characteristics were modeled using a fixed effects panel regression approach with standard errors clustered at the user level.

Results:

Releaf AppTM users showed an average symptom severity reduction of -4.5 points on a 0⁻10 point visual analogue scale (SD = 2.7, d = 2.10, p < 0.001). Use of pipes and vaporizers was associated with greater symptom relief and more positive and context-specific side effects as compared to the use of joints, while vaporization was also associated with lower negative effects. 

Cannabidiol (CBD) was associated with greater statistically significant symptom relief than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but the cannabinoid levels generally were not associated with differential side effects. Flower from C. sativa plants was associated with more negative side effects than flower from C. indica or hybrid plant subtypes.

Conclusions: 

Consumption of medical Cannabis flower is associated with significant improvements in perceived insomnia with differential effectiveness and side effect profiles, depending on the product characteristics. 

“There are simply too many who are addicted to prescription sleeping pills even though there is a concern that those who take even a few may development cognitive impairment. The cannabis that appears to help best with insomnia is a CBD dominant, vaporized (not smoked) “indica.” Though “indica” doesn’t specifically say which terpenes are involved I always recommend high myrcene and linalool.”

Dr. David Hepburn

To read the full article please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997343

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

Majority of Pain Specialists Prescribe Cannabis - Dr. David Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. David Hepburn:

Personal experience and attitudes of pain medicine specialists in Israel regarding the medical use of cannabis for chronic pain.

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION:

The scientific study of the role of cannabis in pain medicine still lags far behind the growing use driven by public approval. Accumulated clinical experience is therefore an important source of knowledge. However, no study to date has targeted physicians who actually use cannabis in their daily practice. 

METHODS: 

Registered, active, board-certified pain specialists in Israel (n=79) were asked to complete a Web-based survey. The survey was developed using the Qualtrics Online Survey Software. Questions were formulated as multiple-choice questions, and these addressed three areas of interest: 1) doctors' personal experience; 2) the role of cannabis in pain medicine; and 3) cannabis medicalization and legalization. 

RESULTS: 

Sixty-four percent of all practicing pain specialists in Israel responded. Almost all prescribe cannabis. Among them, 63% find cannabis moderately to highly effective, 56% have encountered mild or no side effects, and only 5% perceive it as significantly harmful. Common indications are neuropathic pain (65%), oncological pain (50%), arthralgias (25%), and any intractable pain (29%). Leading contraindications are schizophrenia (76%), pregnancy/breastfeeding (65%), and age <18 years (59%). Only 12% rated cannabis as more hazardous than opiates. On a personal note, 45% prefer cannabis for themselves or a family member. Lastly, 54% would like to see cannabis legalized in Israel. 

CONCLUSION:

In this survey, pain clinicians experienced in prescribing cannabis over prolonged periods view it as an effective and relatively safe treatment for chronic pain, based on their own experience. Their responses suggest a possible change of paradigm from using cannabis as the last resort.

“For virtually all types of pain, specialists in Israel, a country with a long experience with medical cannabis, use it not only for patients but 45% actually prefer cannabis for themselves or a family member.”

Dr. David Hepburn

To read the full article please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104896

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD could reverse brain aging - Dr. Dave Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. Dave Hepburn:

Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload

Abstract: 

Iron accumulation in the brain has been recognized as a common feature of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive dysfunction has been associated to iron excess in brain regions in humans. We have previously described that iron overload leads to severe memory deficits, including spatial, recognition, and emotional memory impairments in adult rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of neonatal iron overload on proteins involved in apoptotic pathways, such as Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, Cytochrome c, APAF1, and PARP in the hippocampus of adult rats, in an attempt to establish a causative role of iron excess on cell death in the nervous system, leading to memory dysfunction. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, was examined as a potential drug to reverse iron-induced effects on the parameters analyzed. Male rats received vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) from the 12th to the 14th postnatal days and were treated with vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days in adulthood. Iron increased Caspase 9, Cytochrome c, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, without affecting cleaved Caspase 8 levels. CBD reversed iron-induced effects, recovering apoptotic proteins Caspase 9, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP to the levels found in controls. These results suggest that iron can trigger cell death pathways by inducing intrinsic apoptotic proteins. The reversal of iron-induced effects by CBD indicates that it has neuroprotective potential through its anti-apoptotic action.

“Studies like these are why we, at Plena, are inching closer to serious consideration of using CBD as a supplement for neuro-protection in the aging population. I continue to be excited by the volume of research that points to the safe, simple yet significant benefits of CBD in many different areas to help us age optimally. Everyone should have the chance to die young….at an old age." 

Dr. Dave Hepburn.

To read the full article please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6120904/

https://www.plena-global.com/

Dr. Dave Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD to prevent schizophrenia? - Dr. David Hepburn

Article recommend by Dr. David Hepburn:

Cannabidiol Administered During Peri-Adolescence Prevents Behavioral Abnormalities in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia

Abstract: 

Schizophrenia is considered a debilitating neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder and its pharmacotherapy remains problematic without recent major advances. The development of interventions able to prevent the emergence of schizophrenia would therefore represent an enormous progress. Here, we investigated whether treatment with cannabidiol (CBD – a compound of Cannabis sativa that presents an antipsychotic profile in animals and humans) during peri-adolescence would prevent schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities in an animal model of schizophrenia: the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain. Wistar rats and SHRs were treated with vehicle or CBD from 30 to 60 post-natal days. In experiment 1, schizophrenia-like behaviors (locomotor activity, social interaction, prepulse inhibition of startle and contextual fear conditioning) were assessed on post-natal day 90. Side effects commonly associated with antipsychotic treatment were also evaluated: body weight gain and catalepsy throughout the treatment, and oral dyskinesia 48 h after treatment interruption and on post-natal day 90. In experiment 2, serum levels of triglycerides and glycemia were assessed on post-natal day 61. In experiment 3, levels of BDNF, monoamines, and their metabolites were evaluated on post-natal days 61 and 90 in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Treatment with CBD prevented the emergence of SHRs’ hyperlocomotor activity (a model for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia) and deficits in prepulse inhibition of startle and contextual fear conditioning (cognitive impairments). CBD did not induce any of the potential motor or metabolic side effects evaluated. Treatment with CBD increased the prefrontal cortex 5-HIAA/serotonin ratio and the levels of 5-HIAA on post-natal days 61 and 90, respectively. Our data provide pre-clinical evidence for a safe and beneficial effect of peripubertal and treatment with CBD on preventing positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and suggest the involvement of the serotoninergic system on this effect.

“Schizophrenia is undoubtedly one of the scourges of our time, robbing so many of so much. While studies have indicated that CBD mitigates some of the symptoms of psychosis without the side effects of others neuroleptic, could it also actually prevent schizophrenia?” Dr. David Hepburn

To read the full article please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6113576/

Dr. David Hepburn website:
doctordavidhepburn.com

Cannabis lozenges reduce pain efficiently - Dr. David Hepburn

Article recommended by Dr. Dave Hepburn

Self-Reported Effectiveness and Safety of Trokie® Lozenges: A Standardized Formulation for the Buccal Delivery of Cannabis Extracts.

Abstract:

Therapeutic use of cannabinoids, the main active ingredients of Cannabissativa L., is often hindered by their limited bioavailability and undesirable psychoactivity. 

We conducted an observational study in December 2016 and another one in February 2018 to investigate respectively: (i) the effectiveness of Trokie® lozenges, a standardized formulation containing cannabis extracts, to deliver cannabinoids via buccal absorption and (ii) its long-term safety. 

Participants were members of the Palliative Care Corporation health clinic, registered California cannabis patients, and had a diagnosis of chronic non-cancer pain. For the effectiveness study, 49 participants were asked to self-report pain perception before and after 1-12 weeks of taking Trokie® lozenges, using an 11-point pain intensity numeric rating scale (PI-NRS). A mean reduction in PI-NRS score of 4.9 ± 2.0 points was observed. Onset of analgesia typically varied between 5 and 40 min, which seems consistent with, at least partial, buccal absorption. 

In the safety study, 35 participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about adverse events (AEs) associated with Trokie® lozenges. AEs were reported by 16 subjects (46%), the most common being dizziness/unsteadiness (N = 7), bad taste (N = 5), and throat irritation/dry mouth (N = 4). None of the self-reported AEs resulted in a serious medical situation and most of them had limited impact on daily functions. 

Despite the AEs, 90% of participants reported being "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the product. These observations suggest that buccal administration of standardized extracts via Trokie® lozenges may represent an efficacious and safe approach to cannabis administration.

“Yet another study pointing the promising analgesic properties of cannabis, this using a quicker different delivery mechanism than ingestion.”

Dr. Dave Hepburn 

To read the full article please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30154694

David Hepburn website:

doctordavidhepburn.com

CBD Induces Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant Like Effects

Article recommended by Dr. David Hepburn:

Cannabidiol Induces Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant-Like Effects Through Increased BDNF Signaling and Synaptogenesis in the Prefrontal Cortex.

Abstract:

Currently available antidepressants have a substantial time lag to induce therapeutic response and a relatively low efficacy. The development of drugs that addresses these limitations is critical to improving public health. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa, is a promising compound since it shows large-spectrum therapeutic potential in preclinical models and humans. 

However, its antidepressant properties have not been completely investigated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate in male rodents (i) whether CBD could induce rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects after a single administration and (ii) whether such effects could be related to changes in synaptic proteins/function. Results showed that a single dose of CBD dose-dependently induced antidepressant-like effect (7-30 mg/kg) in Swiss mice submitted to the forced swim test (FST), 30 min (acute) or 7 days (sustained) following treatment. 

Similar effects were observed in the Flinders Sensitive and Flinders Resistant Line (FSL/FRL) rats and the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm using Wistar rats. The acute antidepressant effects (30 min) were associated with increased expression of synaptophysin and PSD95 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and elevated BDNF levels in both mPFC and hippocampus (HPC). CBD also increased spine density in the mPFC after 30 min, but not 7 days later. 

Intracerebroventricular injection of the TrkB antagonist, K252a (0.05 nmol/μL), or the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (1 nmol/μL), abolished the behavioral effects of CBD. These results indicate that CBD induces fast and sustained antidepressant-like effect in distinct animal models relevant for depression. These effects may be related to rapid changes in synaptic plasticity in the mPFC through activation of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. The data support a promising therapeutic profile for CBD as a new fast-acting antidepressant drug.

“This is not insignificant. Clearly, CBD is psychoactive but in ways that harness the brain’s natural neuroplasticity to create synapses in areas that create and control emotions. The fact that CBD induces fast and sustained antidepressant-like effects is very encouraging. Clinical studies should follow, as a fast acting antidepressant is a much sought after commodity."

Dr. David Hepburn 

To read the full article please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29869197

Dr. David Hepburn website:

doctordavidhepburn.com